However, up to a few tens of kHz, this transistor works fine and may fit as the exact match. The waveform may appear triangular rather than the pulsed one we expect as output. If you are out for other switching transistors such as 2N 2222, one might notice deterioration in the waveform obtained along with rising and abrupt falling edges. ![]() One must be careful enough to use high-speed bipolar switching transistors (i.e. If we follow the table attached below for component values, 1 MHz is the approximate frequency value for this project. The expression for output signal frequency is given by Due to this fact, we can say two different outputs obtained from Q 1 and Q 2 are inverted versions of each other. The reverse occurs if the output is taken from the Q 1-collector terminal. And in the same way, R 3 and C 2 time constant (=0.69R 3C 2) decides the low time of the waveform. As shown in the figure, if we use Q 2 collector output, the time constant of combination R 2 and C 1 (=0.69R 2C 1) decides the high time of the output waveform. This makes it easy to extract output from any one of the collector pins of two transistors. This is the first circuit for clock pulse generation as shown in fig 1 which employs basic and discrete components as an astable multivibrator and two bipolar transistors which are serially connected back to back. Clock Generators using Astable Multivibrator. ![]() A detailed description of each is given below: There are altogether four dedicated pulse generating circuits and one extra circuit to provide supply (DC voltage) to operate each of those circuits. We are discussing multiple ways of pulse generation and so it is obvious that this project constitutes several circuits. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF CLOCK SIGNAL GENERATOR Our sole aim is to generate a 1MHz clock signal from each of the four circuits and then evaluate the signal quality produced through each of them. It comes with a limiting factor the clock pulse generated may not be as precise as generated by the designated circuit but this project is worth a try. Here we will develop four completely different clock generators each of which implements different devices: discrete devices, linear integrated circuits, and digital integrated devices. Then, why shall we not invest a little time and effort to learn something new if it is worthy of our investments? I don’t see any reason not to do so when things can be managed so well without losing anything. Doing that requires very basic components. However, these clock signals can be produced via many basic circuits. To serve our needs, specialized clock generator ICs are distributed throughout the market. favor a synchronous mode of operation, the need for the clock is felt more pronounced in ICs that constitute those devices. Since most sequential logic devices such as flip-flops, counters, registers, etc. ![]() You might have noticed a common thing in most digital integrated circuits, which is a frequent need for a continuous pulse train defined as a clock pulse for the precise operation of the circuit.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |